Science

A brief 1922 Latin offprint by Giuseppe Peano treating operations on magnitudes within functions and mathematical physics.

Peano's Formulario Mathematico is a symbolic encyclopedia of mathematics written in latino sine flexione, a grammarless Latin built…

Peano compares truncated and rounded decimal approximations, using interval notation to reveal their objective differences in calculation.

Giuseppe Peano's systematic treatise pairs differential calculus with a foundational account of the principles of integral calculus.

A multi-author collection from the Vienna Circle project on how the sciences form one coherent, testable enterprise.

Carnap's early dissertation distinguishes three meanings of space to reconcile geometry, physics, and philosophy.

Carnap argues that all sciences form one system because their statements can be expressed in the universal language…

A multi-author collection of monographs on logical empiricism's project for a unified science.

An edited 1985 survey of machine intelligence and the coming generation of robots, assembled by AI pioneer Marvin…

Minsky's classic textbook introduces computability through finite-state machines, Turing machines, recursive functions, and symbol-manipulation systems.

Marvin Minsky's The Society of Mind explains how intelligence emerges from many mindless agents working together.

Marvin Minsky argues that emotions are not separate from thought but are themselves forms of thinking, organized by…

Marvin Minsky argues that schools teach facts but rarely teach children how to think, and that computers are…

A collection of technical papers on early symbolic computation edited by Marvin Minsky, exploring how computers store and…

Minsky and Papert give a rigorous mathematical analysis of what perceptron networks can and cannot compute, proving precise…