Author Archive

Epictetus

Epictetus (c. 50–135 CE) was a Stoic philosopher born a slave in Phrygia who later taught in Rome and Nicopolis, leaving no writings of his own; his teachings survive through the Discourses and the concise Encheiridion (Handbook), compiled by his student Arrian. His intellectual contribution lies in rigorously applying Stoic doctrine to practical ethics, emphasizing the dichotomy of control—distinguishing what is within our power (judgments, will) from what is not (externals, fate)—as the foundation for inner freedom and tranquility. This focus on moral agency and resilience against circumstance has profoundly influenced later thinkers, from Marcus Aurelius to modern cognitive-behavioral therapy.

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