A landmark anthology of vampire fiction and a comprehensive bibliography of the genre
What the Work Is
The Vampire Archives is a large anthology of vampire short stories, first published in 2009. It was compiled and edited by Otto Penzler, earlier the editor of the Black Lizard Big Book of Pulps. The collection gathers more than eighty stories and presents itself as the most comprehensive bibliography of vampire fiction ever assembled. Its contributors span roughly a century and a half of writing, ranging from Lord Byron, Edgar Allan Poe, and D. H. Lawrence to Stephen King, Tanith Lee, and Harlan Ellison.
What the Book Is About
The anthology is built around the idea that the vampire is not a single figure but a whole family of them. Its stated aim is to show that the classic Gothic vampire — the sharp-toothed nobleman in evening dress, the ruined castle, the coffin lid raised to reveal its unspeakable resident — is only one guise among many. The book sets out to survey the breadth of the vampire as a literary invention, presenting it as a subject that belongs to the human imagination as much as to any one tradition, and as something that has been continually reinvented by each era that takes it up.
Key Ideas and Themes
The organizing insight of the collection is variety. According to its own description, the vampires gathered here come in many forms: reluctant vampires, detective vampires, space vampires, lesbian vampires, and punk vampires, among others. This range is the book’s central argument — that the vampire is a flexible figure capable of carrying very different kinds of stories, from Gothic horror to science fiction, crime, and comedy.
A second theme is the vampire’s ordinariness as well as its menace. The collection frames vampires as neighbors and friends as much as monsters, figures who are “always lurking” within everyday life rather than safely confined to distant castles. The imagery it invokes — spires and bats against full moons, crypts and abbeys — is the familiar furniture of the Gothic, but the book deliberately places that tradition alongside modern and unconventional treatments.
A third theme is historical breadth. By drawing on writers from every literary era of the past century and a half, up to the most talented writers of the present day, the anthology treats the vampire story as a living, evolving form rather than a fixed set of conventions. The presence of canonical literary names alongside genre specialists reflects the book’s premise that the vampire has attracted serious writers across the whole span of modern fiction.
Structure and Approach
The work is an edited compilation rather than the product of a single author. It is organized as a gathering of many individual stories, and it is accompanied by what it describes as the most comprehensive bibliography of vampire fiction ever assembled — a reference component that distinguishes it from a simple story collection. Its scale is considerable: the book runs to roughly a thousand pages. The selection is deliberately wide, mixing authors from different countries, periods, and traditions, and pairing the classic Gothic mode with later and less conventional variations on the vampire.
Significance and Influence
The anthology’s significance rests on its scope. It presents itself as the biggest and most comprehensive collection of vampire stories, and its bibliography is offered as the most complete of its kind. By assembling more than eighty stories across a century and a half and by treating the vampire as a many-sided figure rather than a single archetype, it serves as a broad survey of how the vampire has been imagined in fiction — from the Gothic tradition through to the writers of the present day.
The volume was compiled and edited by Otto Penzler, who had earlier edited the Black Lizard Big Book of Pulps.
The Name Attached to the Work
The name attached to the work in some catalog records, William Gilbert, is not that of its editor; it coincides with the name of an English physician and physicist, born on 24 May 1544 in Colchester, Essex, and died on 10 December 1603 in London. He was a pioneer of modern scientific research, particularly in the fields of electricity and magnetism, and is regarded as the inventor of the versorium.
A Related Author in Focus: G. K. Chesterton
G. K. Chesterton is connected to vampire fiction through his Father Brown story “The Vampire of the Village.” Gilbert Keith Chesterton was born on 29 May 1874 in the London district of Kensington and died on 14 June 1936 in Beaconsfield. He was an English writer and journalist, best known today for a series of detective stories centering on the figure of Father Brown.
Chesterton was born in Campden Hill in Kensington, the son of a London house agent. The family was Protestant and belonged to the Unitarian community. He was educated at St Paul’s School, after which he attended the Slade School of Art in order to become an illustrator. He also attended lectures in literary studies at University College London but did not obtain a degree. From 1896 to 1902 he worked for the London publishers Redway and T. Fisher Unwin. This period saw his first journalistic work as a freelance art and literary critic. In 1901 he married Frances Blogg. In 1902 he received a weekly column in the Daily News, and in 1905 a further weekly column in The Illustrated London News, for which he wrote for the next thirty years.
By his own account he was fascinated by the occult and experimented with a Ouija board together with his brother Cecil. Later he turned back to Christianity, which led in 1922 to his entry into the Roman Catholic Church.
Chesterton was about 1.93 m tall and weighed around 134 kg. His girth was the subject of well-known anecdotes: he is said to have remarked to his friend George Bernard Shaw, “To look at you, anyone would think there was a famine in England.” Shaw replied, “To look at you, anyone would think you caused it.”
He customarily wore a cape and a crushed hat, carried a swordstick, and had a cigar hanging from his mouth. He often forgot where he was going and missed the train meant to take him there. It is reported that he repeatedly sent his wife telegrams from distant places such as “Am at Market Harborough. Where ought I to be?”, to which she replied, “Home.”
From 1930 to 1936 Chesterton was president of the Detection Club, an association of crime writers that drew up rules for a “fair detective novel.” In 1934 Pope Pius XI awarded him the Order of St. Gregory (Commander with Star). Chesterton died at the age of sixty-two on 14 June 1936 at his house in Beaconsfield in Buckinghamshire. The homily at his funeral mass in Westminster Cathedral was delivered by Ronald Knox. He was buried in Beaconsfield in the Catholic cemetery. His estate was valued at 28,389 pounds sterling, equivalent today to about 2.6 million US dollars.
In August 2013 his beatification process was opened at the diocesan level in his home diocese of Northampton. In August 2019, however, Bishop Peter Doyle announced that the beatification process would not be pursued further, owing to Chesterton’s lack of personal spirituality.
Chesterton’s Positions and Influence
In his novels, essays, and short stories Chesterton engaged intensively with modern philosophies and schools of thought. His often daring leaps of thought and his bringing together of seemingly incompatible ideas, often with surprising results, are well known. His manner of argument has been strikingly described as a “mental cavalry ride.”
Chesterton conducted public debates with, among others, G. B. Shaw, H. G. Wells, Bertrand Russell, and Clarence Darrow. Perhaps his most important discussion partner was Shaw, with whom he shared a warm friendship alongside a rejection of Shaw’s views. According to his autobiography, he and Shaw played cowboys in a silent film that was never released. He fought various ideas and theories that were often and gladly upheld at the beginning of the twentieth century; above all he spoke out against euthanasia and racial science as well as against any notion of eugenics. He engaged critically with Nietzsche’s ideas of the superman. He rejected British colonialism and supported Irish independence.
Chesterton admired the Middle Ages, which in his view were often unfairly portrayed in a negative light in modern times. He advocated that democracy, by its very nature, should listen to the voice of the poor and slum dwellers rather than deciding over them from above “for their own good” (“Instead of asking what we should do with the poor, we should rather ask what the poor will do with us.”).
In economic policy he called for limiting the power of big capital while promoting small property ownership (“Everyone should be able to own a cow and three acres of land,” “The problem of capitalism is not that there are too many capitalists but too few.”). He called this distributism, which for him was distinguished by the redistribution of ownership of the means of production so that each family could develop its livelihood independently. According to Chesterton, man is destined for a free but also hard life in the countryside.
His opposition to capitalism culminated in antisemitic patterns of thought: he saw capitalism and Marxism as instruments of the Jews for attaining world domination, held the view that the Boer War was being fought on account of Jewish financial interests in South Africa, and in the journal The New Witness spoke out against a policy that enabled Jews to rise in politics and society. In his work The New Jerusalem (1920) he advocated the creation of a homeland for the Jews. Chesterton, however, also opposed the ideology of National Socialism.
After his death he was honored by Pope Pius XI with the title Fidei defensor (Defender of the Faith). This honorary designation had formerly been conferred on the English king Henry VIII when, with the help of St. Thomas More, he had produced a writing in defense of the Catholic faith. Chesterton bore witness to the faith in a multitude of resolute, very pointed, and original writings. This extensive aspect of his work has remained largely unknown in Germany, while in the English-speaking world Chesterton is regarded as a significant apologist of the Catholic Church.
Chesterton’s Literary Work
Chesterton wrote poems, stage plays, but mostly prose: essays, numerous short stories, and novels. His biographies were highly praised by some critics, for example those on St. Thomas Aquinas, St. Francis, Charles Dickens, Robert Louis Stevenson, and George Bernard Shaw. His short novel The Man Who Was Thursday of 1908 (German 1910 as Der Mann, der Donnerstag war) is a political satire that can be counted as fantastic literature: a plot by anarchist terrorists at the beginning of the twentieth century develops, with increasing estrangement of reality, into a mad-divine spectacle. As in other of his writings, Chesterton turns in this novel to theological-philosophical questions.
Father Brown
Chesterton’s best-known literary creation is Father Brown (in older German translations incorrectly rendered as “Pater Brown”), who stands at the center of a total of 49 short stories, the first of which appeared in 1910 and which were published in five volumes. Brown is a clergyman who solves even the seemingly most mysterious criminal cases with psychological empathy and through logical conclusions. In contrast to other well-known fictional heroes such as Sherlock Holmes and Agatha Christie’s Hercule Poirot, what stands in the foreground for Brown is not so much the external logic of the course of the crime but the inner logic and motivation of the perpetrator. In 1953 Alec Guinness played the detective clergyman in Die seltsamen Wege des Pater Brown (Father Brown). Not least from this encounter with Chesterton came Guinness’s own conversion to the Catholic Church. Through the filming of the Father Brown crime short stories with Heinz Rühmann, Chesterton’s work also became known in Germany in the 1960s. However, those films were adapted in many respects to the taste of the German 1950s and 1960s. Between 1966 and 1972, 39 very faithful adaptations with Josef Meinrad in the leading role were produced for the Austrian-German television series Pater Brown.
German Editions
Older German translations of Chesterton’s books were in part softened to suit German public taste and thereby distorted. Only at the beginning of the 1990s did the Haffmans Verlag bring out more faithful German editions of the Father Brown stories, for which Hanswilhelm Haefs had translated. In 1998 and 2000 the Eichborn Verlag published two collections of Chesterton’s essays in its series Die Andere Bibliothek: Ketzer and Orthodoxie. In recent years the Bonn-based nova & vetera Verlag has likewise produced largely faithful first and new translations of Chesterton’s work.
Chesterton’s Bibliography
Father Brown Stories
The Innocence of Father Brown (1911) contains: The Blue Cross (in The Story-Teller, September 1910; first printed as Valentin Follows a Curious Trail in The Saturday Evening Post, 23 July 1910); The Secret Garden (in The Story-Teller, October 1910; first printed in The Saturday Evening Post, 3 September 1910); The Queer Feet (in The Story-Teller, November 1910; first printed in The Saturday Evening Post, 1 October 1910); The Flying Stars (in The Saturday Evening Post, 20 May 1911); The Invisible Man (in The Saturday Evening Post, 28 January 1911, also Cassell’s Magazine, February 1911); The Honour of Israel Gow (as The Strange Justice in The Saturday Evening Post, 25 March 1911); The Wrong Shape (in The Saturday Evening Post, 10 December 1910); The Sins of Prince Saradine (in The Saturday Evening Post, 22 April 1911); The Hammer of God (as The Bolt from the Blue in The Saturday Evening Post, 5 November 1910); The Eye of Apollo (in The Saturday Evening Post, 25 February 1911); The Sign of the Broken Sword (in The Saturday Evening Post, 7 January 1911); The Three Tools of Death (in The Saturday Evening Post, 24 June 1911). German: Father Brown’s Einfalt: Zwölf Geschichten, translated by Hanswilhelm Haefs, Haffmans, Zurich 1991, ISBN 3-251-20116-6; Pater Browns Einfalt, translated by Hedwig Maria von Lama, Null Papier Verlag, Neuss 2012, ISBN 978-3-95418-079-0 (e-book).
The Wisdom of Father Brown (1914) contains: The Absence of Mr Glass (in McClure’s Magazine, November 1912); The Paradise of Thieves (in McClure’s Magazine, March 1913); The Duel of Dr Hirsch; The Man in the Passage (in McClure’s Magazine, April 1913); The Mistake of the Machine; The Head of Caesar (in The Pall Mall Magazine, June 1913); The Purple Wig (in The Pall Mall Magazine, May 1913); The Perishing of the Pendragons (in The Pall Mall Magazine, June 1914); The God of the Gongs; The Salad of Colonel Cray; The Strange Crime of John Boulnois (in McClure’s Magazine, February 1913); The Fairy Tale of Father Brown. German: Das Paradies der Diebe, translated by Clarisse Meitner, Musarion Verlag, Munich 1927, DNB 57259643X; Father Brown’s Weisheit: Zwölf Geschichten, translated by Hanswilhelm Haefs, Haffmanns, Zurich 1991, ISBN 3-251-20109-3.
The Incredulity of Father Brown (1926) contains: The Resurrection of Father Brown; The Arrow of Heaven (in Nash’s Pall Mall Magazine, July 1925); The Oracle of the Dog (in Nash’s Pall Mall Magazine, December 1923); The Miracle of Moon Crescent (in Nash’s Pall Mall Magazine, May 1924); The Curse of the Golden Cross (in Nash’s Pall Mall Magazine, May 1925); The Dagger with Wings (in Nash’s Pall Mall Magazine, February 1924); The Doom of the Darnaways (in Nash’s Pall Mall Magazine, June 1925); The Ghost of Gideon Wise (in Cassell’s Magazine, April 1926). German: Ein Pfeil vom Himmel, translated by Dora Sophie Kellner, Verlag Die Schmiede, Berlin 1927, DNB 572596235; Father Brown’s Ungläubigkeit: Acht Geschichten, translated by Hanswilhelm Haefs, Haffmans, Zurich 1991, ISBN 3-251-20117-4.
The Secret of Father Brown (1927) contains: The Secret of Father Brown (frame narrative); The Mirror of the Magistrate; The Man with Two Beards; The Song of the Flying Fish; The Actor and the Alibi; The Vanishing of Vaudrey (in Harper’s Magazine, October 1925); The Worst Crime in the World; The Red Moon of Meru; The Chief Mourner of Marne (in Harper’s Magazine, May 1925); The Secret of Flambeau (frame narrative). German: Das Geheimnis des Paters Brown, translated by Rudolf Nutt, Musarion Verlag, DNB 572596359; Das Geheimnis des Pater Brown, translated by Alfred Paul Zeller, Limes-Verlag, Wiesbaden 1947, DNB 450775097; Father Brown’s Geheimnis: Zehn Geschichten, translated by Hanswilhelm Haefs, Haffmans, Zurich 1992, ISBN 3-251-20118-2.
The Scandal of Father Brown (1935) contains: The Scandal of Father Brown (in The Story-Teller, November 1933); The Quick One (in The Saturday Evening Post, 25 November 1933); The Blast of the Book/The Five Fugitives (in Liberty, 26 August 1933); The Green Man (in Ladies Home Journal, November 1930); The Pursuit of Mr Blue; The Crime of the Communist (in Collier’s Weekly, 14 July 1934); The Point of a Pin (in The Saturday Evening Post, 17 September 1932); The Insoluble Problem (in The Story-Teller, March 1935); The Vampire of the Village (in Strand Magazine, August 1936; not in the first edition of the collection). German: Skandal um Pater Brown: Kriminalgeschichten, translated by Kamilla Demmer, Herder-Bücherei #23, Freiburg i. Br. 1958, DNB 450775011; Father Brown’s Skandal: Zehn Geschichten, translated by Hanswilhelm Haefs, Haffmans, Zurich 1993, ISBN 3-251-20109-3.
Published outside the collections: The Donnington Affair (in The Premier, November 1914; with Max Pemberton); The Mask of Midas (1936). German: Father Brown und die Midasmaske und andere Geschichten, edited and introduced by Matthias Marx, translated by Carl Koch, Verlag Nova und Vetera, Bonn 2004, ISBN 3-936741-17-4.
Collected volumes and posthumous compilations: The Father Brown Stories (1929); The Father Brown Omnibus (1933); The Complete Father Brown (1943); Father Brown: A Selection (1955), German: Father Brown kann es nicht glauben: Seine besten Fälle, translated by Hanswilhelm Haefs, Brendow, Moers 2001, ISBN 3-87067-881-X; The Father Brown Book (1959); The Second Father Brown Book (1959); The Collected Works of G.K. Chesterton: The Father Brown Stories (2005, 2 volumes); The Early Father Brown (2010). The above collected volumes with Father Brown stories are a small selection from the very large number of such compilations, both English and German. The collections are seldom complete; in particular the two stories outside the five volumes assembled by Chesterton (The Donnington Affair and The Mask of Midas) are usually missing. The edition published in 2005 in 2 volumes as part of the Collected Works is complete. The German translations by Hanswilhelm Haefs have, after the first edition at Haffmanns, since been issued by Area Verlag, Erftstadt, and as paperbacks by Suhrkamp.
Novels
The Napoleon of Notting Hill (1904). German: Der Held von Notting Hill, translated by Manfred Georg, Eden-Verlag, Berlin and Leipzig 1927, DNB 572596316. Also as: Der Held von Notting Hill: Phantastischer Roman, translated by Manfred Georg, edited and with an afterword by Carl Amery, Suhrkamp (Phantastische Bibliothek #156), Frankfurt am Main 1985, ISBN 3-518-37674-8.
The Man Who Was Thursday (1908). German: Der Mann, der Donnerstag war: Eine Nachtmahr, translated by Heinrich Lautensack, Musarion Verlag, Munich 1924, DNB 572596294. Also as: Der Mann, der Donnerstag war: Eine phantastische Geschichte, with 20 drawings by Gerda von Stengel, translated by Bernhard Sengfelder, Droemer, Wiesentheid 1947, DNB 450774953.
The Ball and the Cross (1909). German: Kugel und Kreuz, translated and with an afterword by Stefan Welz, Nova & Vetera, Bonn 2007, ISBN 978-3-936741-46-9.
Manalive (1912). German: Menschenskind, translated by E. McCalman and N. Collin, Musarion-Verlag, Munich 1926, DNB 572596308.
Flying Inn (1914). German: Das fliegende Wirtshaus, translated by Joseph Grabisch, Musarion Verlag, Munich 1922, DNB 572596421.
The Return of Don Quixote (1927). German: Don Quijotes Wiederkehr, translated by Curt Thesing, Grethlein & Co., Leipzig 1927, DNB 572596332. Also as: Der neue Don Quijote, translated by Curt Thesing, Cassianeum, Donauwörth 1950, DNB 450775003. Also as: Die Rückkehr des Don Quijote, translated by Karin Matthes, Matthes und Seitz, Munich 1992, ISBN 3-88221-778-2.
Basil Howe: A Story of Young Love (posthumously 2001, written in the 1890s).
Short Stories and Prose Collections
The Club of Queer Trades (1905) contains: The Awful Reason of the Vicar’s Visit; The Eccentric Seclusion of the Old Lady; The Noticeable Conduct of Professor Chadd; The Painful Fall of a Great Reputation; The Singular Speculation of the House-Agent; The Tremendous Adventures of Major Brown. German: Der geheimnisvolle Klub, translated by Rudolf Nutt, Musarion-Verlag, Munich 1928, DNB 572596197. Also as: Der Club für bizarre Berufe: Londoner Erzählungen, translated by Jakob Vandenberg, Elsinor-Verlag, Coesfeld 2011, ISBN 978-3-939483-19-9.
The Man Who Knew Too Much (1922) contains: The Bottomless Well; The Face in the Target; The Fad of the Fisherman; The Five of Swords; The Fool of the Family; The Garden of Smoke; The Hole in the Wall; The Soul of the Schoolboy; The Tower of Treason; Trees of Pride; The Vanishing Prince; The Temple of Silence. German: Der Mann, der zuviel wusste, translated by Clarisse Meitner, Musarion Verlag, Munich 1925, DNB 572596286. Also as: Der Mann, der zu viel wusste: Kriminalgeschichten, afterword by Elmar Schenkel, translated by Renate Orth-Guttmann, Manesse-Verlag, Zurich 2011, ISBN 978-3-7175-2228-7.
Tales of the Long Bow (1925) contains: The Elusive Companion of Parson White; The Exclusive Luxury of Enoch Oates; The Improbable Success of Mr. Owen Hood; The Ultimate Ultimatum of the League of the Long Bow; The Unobtrusive Traffic of Captain Pierce; The Unprecedented Architecture of Commander Blair; The Unpresentable Appearance of Colonel Crane; The Unthinkable Theory of Professor Green.
Stories (1928).
The Poet and the Lunatics: Episodes in the Life of Gabriel Gale (1929). German: Der Dichter und die Verrückten: Episoden aus d. Leben von Gabriel Gale, translated by Gertrud Jahn, Herder-Bücherei #121, Freiburg i. Br., Basel and Vienna 1962, DNB 450774996.
The Moderate Murderer, and the Honest Quack (1929).
The Ecstatic Thief (1930).
Four Faultless Felons (1930). German: Vier verehrungswürdige Verbrecher, with an afterword by Matthias Marx, translated by Matthias Marx and Boris Greff, Die Andere Bibliothek #374, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-8477-0374-7.
The Floating Admiral, with others (1931).
The Paradoxes of Mr. Pond (posthumously 1937). German: Die Paradoxe des Mr. Pond und andere Überspanntheiten, afterword by Matthias Marx, translated by Matthias Marx and Boris Greff, Die Andere Bibliothek #332, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-8477-0332-7.
Daylight and Nightmare: Uncollected Stories and Fables (posthumously 1986, edited by Marie Smith) contains: Chivalry Begins at Home; Concerning Grocers as Gods; The Conversion of an Anarchist; A Crazy Tale; Culture and the Light; The Curious Englishman; Dukes; The End of Wisdom; A Fish Story; The Giant; The Great Amalgamation; Homesick at Home; A Legend of Saint Francis; The Legend of the Sword; The Long Bow; A Nightmare; On Private Property; On Secular Education; The Paradise of Human Fishes; A Picture of Tuesday; A Real Discovery; The Roots of the World; The Second Miracle; The Taming of the Nightmare; The Three Dogs; The Two Taverns.
Poetry
Greybeards at Play: Literature and Art for Old Gentlemen (1900); The Wild Knight and Other Poems (1900); The Ballad Of The White Horse (1911); Poems (1915); Wine, Water And Song (1915, from the novel The Flying Inn); The Ballad of St. Barbara and Other Verses (1922); A Collection of Poems (1925); The Queen of Seven Swords (1926); The Collected Poems of G. K. Chesterton (1926, revised 1932); Gloria in Profundis (1927); Ubi Ecclesia (1929); Christmas Poems (1929); The Grave of Arthur (1930); New Poems (1932); Collected Poems (1954); Greybeards at Play and Other Comic Verse (1974, edited by John Sullivan); Collected Nonsense and Other Light Verse (1987, edited by Marie Smith).
Individual Short Stories
1905: The Eccentric Seclusion of the Old Lady (1905); The Tremendous Adventures of Major Brown (1905). German: Die furchtbaren Abenteuer des Major Brown, translated by Rudolf Ruff, in: Joachim Kalka (ed.): Die geheime Position der Nordküste, Klett-Cotta Hobbit-Presse #95089, 1928, ISBN 3-608-95089-3.
1908: The Angry Street (1908). German: Die zornige Straße, translated by Erik Simon, in: Peter Haining (ed.): Ritter des Wahnsinns, Heyne SF & F #9062, 1999, ISBN 3-453-16220-X.
1909: The Extraordinary Cabman (1909, in: G. K. Chesterton: Tremendous Trifles); The Perfect Game (1909, in: G. K. Chesterton: Tremendous Trifles); The Shop of Ghosts: A Good Dream (1909, in: G. K. Chesterton: Tremendous Trifles).
1911: The Invisible Man (1911).
1920: The Finger of Stone (in Harper’s Bazar, December 1920).
1922: The Vengeance of a Statue (in The Story-teller, October 1922).
1928: The Sword of Wood (1928).
1931: If Don John of Austria had Married Mary Queen of Scots (1931, in: J. C. Squire (ed.): If It Had Happened Otherwise). German: Wenn Don Juan d’Austria Maria Stuart geheiratet hätte, translated by Walter Brumm, in: J. C. Squire (ed.): Wenn Napoleon bei Waterloo gewonnen hätte, Heyne SF & F #6310, 1999, ISBN 3-453-14911-4.
1937: The Shadow of the Shark (1937, in: Fifty Masterpieces of Mystery).
Stage Plays
Magic. A Fantastic Comedy (1913). German: Magie: Eine phantastische Komödie, translated by Rudolf Kommer, Oesterheld & Co., Berlin 1914, DNB 57259626X.
The Judgment of Dr. Johnson (1927).
The Turkey and the Turk (1930).
The Surprise (posthumously 1952).
Biographies
Thomas Carlyle (1902, with J. E. H. Williams); Robert Browning (1903); Robert Louis Stevenson (1903, with W. Robertson Nicoll); Tennyson (1903, with Richard Garnett); Thackeray (1903, with Lewis Melville); Leo Tolstoy (1903, with G. H. Perris and Edward Garn
